darkness (cf. John 3:19). After hearing the parable of the vineyard, ‘[the chief priests and scribes and the elders] perceived that he had told the parable against them …’ (Mark 12:12). Ḥanukkah means ‘dedication’: the feast marked the rededication of the temple after the occupying and polluting Syrians had been driven out in 164 BCE (1 Macc. 4:36–59). ‘Blameless priests’ were appointed when the temple was repossessed, and new furnishings were made. The polluted stones of the old altar were set aside
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